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Kamis, 03 September 2015

TUGAS CERPEN JURU MASAK


TUGAS   CERPEN  JURU  MASAK


(Planet spatu DALLAS_)

Nama     : MARLISA DARWI

Kelas      : XI MIPA 1


ABSEN    : 17






SMAN 18 PALEMBANG
2015/2016





CERPEN JURU MASAK


CIPTA :  DAMHURI MUHAMMAD




           Perhelatan bisa kacau tanpa kehadiran lelaki itu. Gulai Kambing akan terasa hambar lantaran racikan bumbu tak meresap ke dalam daging. Kuah Gulai Kentang dan Gulai Rebung bakal encer karena keliru menakar jumlah kelapa parut hingga setiap menu masakan kekurangan santan. Akibatnya, berseraklah gunjing dan cela yang mesti ditanggung tuan rumah, bukan karena kenduri kurang meriah, tidak pula karena pelaminan tempat bersandingnya pasangan pengantin tak sedap dipandang mata, tapi karena macam-macam hidangan yang tersuguh tak menggugah selera. Nasi banyak gulai melimpah, tapi helat tak bikin kenyang. Ini celakanya bila Makaji, juru masak handal itu tak dilibatkan.

     Beberapa tahun lalu, pesta perkawinan Gentasari dengan Rustamadji yang digelar dengan menyembelih tigabelas ekor kambing dan berlangsung selama tiga hari, tak berjalan mulus, bahkan hampir saja batal. Keluarga mempelai pria merasa dibohongi oleh keluarga mempelai wanita yang semula sudah berjanji bahwa semua urusan masak-memasak selama kenduri berlangsung akan dipercayakan pada Makaji, juru masak nomor satu di Lareh Panjang ini. Tapi, di hari pertama perhelatan, ketika rombongan keluarga mempelai pria tiba, Gulai Kambing, Gulai Nangka, Gulai Kentang, Gulai Rebung dan aneka hidangan yang tersaji ternyata bukan masakan Makaji. Mana mungkin keluarga calon besan itu bisa dibohongi? Lidah mereka sudah sangat terbiasa dengan masakan Makaji.

 “Kalau besok Gulai Nangka masih sehambar hari ini, kenduri tak usah dilanjutkan!” ancam Sutan Basabatuah, penghulu tinggi dari keluarga Rustamadji.
 “Apa susahnya mendatangkan Makaji?”
“Percuma bikin helat besar-besaran bila menu yang terhidang hanya bikin malu.”

             Begitulah pentingnya Makaji. Tanpa campur tangannya, kenduri terasa hambar, sehambar Gulai Kambing dan Gulai Rebung karena bumbu-bumbu tak diracik oleh tangan dingin lelaki itu. Sejak dulu, Makaji tak pernah keberatan membantu keluarga mana saja yang hendak menggelar pesta, tak peduli apakah tuan rumah hajatan itu orang terpandang yang tamunya membludak atau orang biasa yang hanya sanggup menggelar syukuran seadanya. Makaji tak pilih kasih, meski ia satu-satunya juru masak yang masih tersisa di Lareh Panjang. Di usia senja, ia masih tangguh menahan kantuk, tangannya tetap gesit meracik bumbu, masih kuat ia berjaga semalam suntuk.

 “Separuh umur Ayah sudah habis untuk membantu setiap kenduri di kampung ini, bagaimana kalau tanggungjawab itu dibebankan pada yang lebih muda?” saran Azrial, putra sulung Makaji sewaktu ia pulang kampung enam bulan lalu.
“Mungkin sudah saatnya Ayah berhenti,”
“Belum! Akan Ayah pikul beban ini hingga tangan Ayah tak lincah lagi meracik bumbu,” balas Makaji waktu itu.
“Kalau memang masih ingin jadi juru masak, bagaimana kalau Ayah jadi juru masak di salah satu Rumah Makan milik saya di Jakarta? Saya tak ingin lagi berjauhan dengan Ayah,”

           Sejenak Makaji diam mendengar tawaran Azrial. Tabiat orangtua selalu begitu, walau terasa semanis gula, tak bakal langsung direguknya, meski sepahit empedu tidak pula buru-buru dimuntahkannya, mesti matang ia menimbang. Makaji memang sudah lama menunggu ajakan seperti itu. Orangtua mana yang tak ingin berkumpul dengan anaknya di hari tua? Dan kini, gayung telah bersambut, sekali saja ia mengangguk, Azrial segera memboyongnya ke rantau, Makaji tetap akan punya kesibukan di Jakarta, ia akan jadi juru masak di Rumah Makan milik anaknya sendiri.

 “Beri Ayah kesempatan satu kenduri lagi!”
“Kenduri siapa?” tanya Azrial.
“Mangkudun. Anak gadisnya baru saja dipinang orang. Sudah terlanjur Ayah sanggupi, malu kalau tiba-tiba dibatalkan,”
         Merah padam muka Azrial mendengar nama itu. Siapa lagi anak gadis Mangkudun kalau bukan Renggogeni, perempuan masa lalunya. Musabab hengkangnya ia dari Lareh Panjang tidak lain adalah Renggogeni, anak perempuan tunggal babeleng itu. Siapa pula yang tak kenal Mangkudun? Di Lareh Panjang, ia dijuluki tuan tanah, hampir sepertiga wilayah kampung ini miliknya. Sejak dulu, orang-orang Lareh Panjang yang kesulitan uang selalu beres di tangannya, mereka tinggal menyebutkan sawah, ladang atau tambak ikan sebagai agunan, dengan senang hati Mangkudun akan memegang gadaian itu.

       Masih segar dalam ingatan Azrial, waktu itu Renggogeni hampir tamat dari akademi perawat di kota, tak banyak orang Lareh Panjang yang bisa bersekolah tinggi seperti Renggogeni. Perempuan kuning langsat pujaan Azrial itu benar-benar akan menjadi seorang juru rawat. Sementara Azrial bukan siapa-siapa, hanya tamatan madrasah aliyah yang sehari-hari bekerja honorer sebagai sekretaris di kantor kepala desa. Ibarat emas dan loyang perbedaan mereka.

 “Bahkan bila ia jadi kepala desa pun, tak sudi saya punya menantu anak juru masak!” bentak Mangkudun, dan tak lama berselang berita ini berdengung juga di kuping Azrial.
 “Dia laki-laki taat, jujur, bertanggungjawab. Renggo yakin kami berjodoh,”
“Apa kau bilang? Jodoh? Saya tidak rela kau berjodoh dengan Azrial. Akan saya carikan kau jodoh yang lebih bermartabat!”
“Apa dia salah kalau ayahnya hanya juru masak?”
“Jatuh martabat keluarga kita bila laki-laki itu jadi suamimu. Paham kau?”

             Derajat keluarga Azrial memang seumpama lurah tak berbatu, seperti sawah tak berpembatang, tak ada yang bisa diandalkan. Tapi tidak patut rasanya Mangkudun memandangnya dengan sebelah mata. Maka, dengan berat hati Azrial melupakan Renggogeni. Ia hengkang dari kampung, pergi membawa luka hati. Awalnya ia hanya tukang cuci piring di Rumah Makan milik seorang perantau dari Lareh Panjang yang lebih dulu mengadu untung di Jakarta. Sedikit demi sedikit dikumpulkannya modal, agar tidak selalu bergantung pada induk semang. Berkat kegigihan dan kerja keras selama bertahun-tahun, Azrial kini sudah jadi juragan, punya enam Rumah Makan dan duapuluh empat anak buah yang tiap hari sibuk melayani pelanggan. Barangkali, ada hikmahnya juga Azrial gagal mempersunting anak gadis Mangkudun. Kini, lelaki itu kerap disebut sebagai orang Lareh Panjang paling sukses di rantau. Itu sebabnya ia ingin membawa Makaji ke Jakarta. Lagi pula, sejak ibunya meninggal, ayahnya itu sendirian saja di rumah, tak ada yang merawat, adik-adiknya sudah terbang-hambur pula ke negeri orang. Meski hidup Azrial sudah berada, tapi ia masih saja membujang. Banyak yang ingin mengambilnya jadi menantu, tapi tak seorang perempuan pun yang mampu luluhkan hatinya. Mungkin Azrial masih sulit melupakan Renggogeni, atau jangan-jangan ia tak sungguh-sungguh melupakan perempuan itu.

             Kenduri di rumah Mangkudun begitu semarak. Dua kali meriam ditembakkan ke langit, pertanda dimulainya perhelatan agung. Tak biasanya pusaka peninggalan sesepuh adat Lareh Panjang itu dikeluarkan. Bila yang menggelar kenduri bukan orang berpengaruh seperti Mangkudun, tentu tak sembarang dipertontonkan. Para tetua kampung menyiapkan pertunjukan pencak guna menyambut kedatangan mempelai pria. Para pesilat turut ambil bagian memeriahkan pesta perkawinan anak gadis orang terkaya di Lareh Panjang itu. Maklumlah, menantu Mangkudun bukan orang kebanyakan, tapi perwira muda kepolisian yang baru dua tahun bertugas, anak bungsu pensiunan tentara, orang disegani di kampung sebelah. Kabarnya, Mangkudun sudah banyak membantu laki-laki itu, sejak dari sebelum ia lulus di akademi kepolisian hingga resmi jadi perwira muda. Ada yang bergunjing, perjodohan itu terjadi karena keluarga pengantin pria hendak membalas jasa yang dilakukan Mangkudun di masa lalu. Aih, perkawinan atas dasar hutang budi.

          Mangkudun benar-benar menepati janji pada Renggogeni, bahwa ia akan carikan jodoh yang sepadan dengan anak gadisnya itu, yang jauh lebih bermartabat. Tengoklah, Renggogeni kini tengah bersanding dengan Yusnaldi, perwira muda polisi yang bila tidak ‘macam-macam’ tentu karirnya lekas menanjak. Duh, betapa beruntungnya keluarga besar Mangkudun. Tapi, pesta yang digelar dengan menyembelih tiga ekor kerbau jantan dan tujuh ekor kambing itu tak begitu ramai dikunjungi. Orang-orang Lareh Panjang hanya datang di hari pertama, sekedar menyaksikan benda-benda pusaka adat yang dikeluarkan untuk menyemarakkan kenduri, setelah itu mereka berbalik meninggalkan helat, bahkan ada yang belum sempat mencicipi hidangan tapi sudah tergesa pulang.

 “Gulai Kambingnya tak ada rasa,” bisik seorang tamu.
“Kuah Gulai Rebungnya encer seperti kuah sayur Toge. Kembung perut kami dibuatnya,”
 “Dagingnya keras, tidak kempuh. Bisa rontok gigi awak dibuatnya,”
“Masakannya tak mengeyangkan, tak mengundang selera.”
“Pasti juru masaknya bukan Makaji!”

            Makin ke ujung, kenduri makin sepi. Rombongan pengantar mempelai pria diam-diam juga kecewa pada tuan rumah, karena mereka hanya dijamu dengan menu masakan yang asal-asalan, kurang bumbu, kuah encer dan daging yang tak kempuh. Padahal mereka bersemangat datang karena pesta perkawinan di Lareh Panjang punya keistimewaan tersendiri, dan keistimewaan itu ada pada rasa masakan hasil olah tangan juru masak nomor satu. Siapa lagi kalau bukan Makaji?

 “Kenapa Makaji tidak turun tangan dalam kenduri sepenting ini?” begitu mereka bertanya-tanya.
“Sia-sia saja kenduri ini bila bukan Makaji yang meracik bumbu,”
“Ah, menyesal kami datang ke pesta ini!”

       Dua hari sebelum kenduri berlangsung, Azrial, anak laki-laki Makaji, datang dari Jakarta. Ia pulang untuk menjemput Makaji. Kini, juru masak itu sudah berada di Jakarta, mungkin tak akan kembali, sebab ia akan menghabiskan hari tua di dekat anaknya. Orang-orang Lareh Panjang telah kehilangan juru masak handal yang pernah ada di kampung itu. Kabar kepergian Makaji sampai juga ke telinga pengantin baru Renggogeni. Perempuan itu dapat membayangkan betapa terpiuh-piuhnya perasaan Azrial setelah mendengar kabar kekasih pujaannya telah dipersunting lelaki lain.



Soal :

1.Tema merupakan makna keseluruhan yang didukung cerita.Tema ini bersifat mengikat keseluruhan masalah yang ada dalam cerita.Untuk menemukan tema,terlebih dahulu harus diidentifikasi masalah yang ditemukan dalam cerita.Masalah ini yang kemudian menggiring pada penemuan tema tersebut.Lalu, dapatkah kalian mengidentifikasi masalah yang ada dalam cerpen “Juru Masak” tersebut ? Kemudian, apa tema yang “tersembunyi” di balik cerita pendek tersebut ?
Jawaban : Seorang  juru masak yang bimbang untuk menentukan pilihannya, antara ikut anaknya ke jakarta atau menepati janjinya kepada seorang saudagar tanah untuk memasak di acara pernikahan anak perempuannya/ Perjuangan Hidup.
2.Oleh para ahli sastra,istilah tokoh dan penokohan dalam sebuah cerita rekaan dianggap berbeda.Tokoh dalam cerita dimaksudkan untuk orang yang ditampikkan dalam suatu karya naratif yang oleh pembaca ditafsirkan memiliki kualitas moral dan kecenderungan tertentu seperti yang diekspresikan dalam ucapan dan apa yang dilakukan dalam tindakan.Sementara istilah penokohan merujuk pada pelukisan gambaran yang jelas tentang seseorang yang ditampilkan dalam sebuah cerita.Penokohan yang kerap disebut sebagai karakter, adalah sikap ketertarikan, keinginan, emosi, dan perinsip moral yang dimiliki tokoh cerita.Dengan demikian, tokoh adalah orang yang melakukn perbuatan dan mengalami peristiwa dalam sebuah karya rekaan,sementara penokohan lebih mengacu pada pandangan, sifat, sikap, dan emosi yang dipunyai oleh tokoh dalam karya rekaan tersebut.Maka, siapa sajakah tokoh yang ada dalam cerpen “Juru Masak” tersebut dan bagaimanakah penokohan mereka ?
Jawaban :
1)   Makaji, adalah sosok bapak tua yang ramah dan sikap menolong pada siapa saja, tak pernah ia memilih. Keahliannya adalah memasak, dan sekaligis ia adalah sebagai kunci sebuah kehormatan pada pesta di kampungnya. Ketenarannya tak membuatnya naik derajatnya, sebab tetap saja miskin. Mengenai latar belakang budaya  termasuk asli Minangkabau, yang tinggal di sebuah kampung, Lerah Panjang.
 2)   Mangkudun adalah sosok setengah baya yang angkuh dan seorang yang kaya raya di kampung Lerah Panjang. Nyaris hampir semua tanah kampung Lerah Panjang adalah miliknya. Namun ketika martabat dan harga dirinya harus tercoreng tatkala pesta pernikahan puterinya nyaris gagal.
 3)  Azrial adalah putera bungsu makaji. Ia  sosok pemuda yang baik, jujur, dan ulet ini harus rela ia meranatu ke negeri orang untuk memendam lukanya (lamarannya ditolak) dan kemiskinan, namun karena keuletannya ia menjadi orang terkaya yang sukses di negeri rantau. Ia sama-sama berlatar belakang budaya Minang, kampung Lerah Panjang.
 4)   Renggogeni adalah mantan kekasih Azrial, dan puteri Mangkudun adalah sosok wanita yang baik dan penurut.   
3.Berdasarkan peranannya dalam cerita,tokoh terbagi atas tokoh utama atau tokoh sentral dan tokoh tambahan.Tokoh utama adalah tokoh yang berhubungan dengan setiap peristiwa dalam cerita.Tokoh ini selalu ada dan relevan dalam setiap peristiwa di sebuah cerita.Biasanya dalam sebuah cerita,tokoh utama ini mendominasi sebagian bersar cerita.Dia lebih sering diceritakan dibandingkan dengan tokoh tokoh lainnya.Dia juga diberi kesempatan lebih banyak untuk mengemukakan pendapat dan sikapnya.Sementara tokoh tambahan  adalah tokoh yang tidak sentral kedudukannya dalam cerita, tetapi kehadirannya sangat diperlukan untuk menunjang tokoh utama.Tokoh ini dimunculkan untuk memperkuat keberadaan tokoh utama.Kecenderungan jumlah tokoh tambahan yang relatif lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan tokoh utama, membuat tokoh ini tidak diceritakan dan dibicarakan secara mendetail dalam cerita.
    Dengan demikian, para tokoh yang telah kalian sebutkan pada butir soal 2, siapa sajakah yang termasuk tokoh utama dan tokoh tambahan ? Berilah tanda  (Ö)  pada kolom jenis tokoh sesuai dengan peran tokoh masing masing.

NO
Nama Tokoh
Tokoh Utama
Tokoh Tambahan
1
Makaji
Ö

2
Azrial
Ö

3
Renggogeni
Ö

4
Mangkudun
Ö

5
Yusnaldi

Ö
6
Gentasari

Ö
7
Rustamadji

Ö

4.Apakah permasalahan yang dihadapi tokoh dalam cerpen? Dapatkah tokoh tersebut menemukan solusi atas permasalahan yang dihadapinya ?
Jawaban :
Tokoh Azrial
Permasalahan : Patah hati karena Magkudun ayah dari Renggogeni tidak merestui hubungan mereka.
Solusi                : Akhirnya Azrial pergi mengadu nasib ke Jakarta.
Tokoh Makaji
Permasalahan : Bimbang antara ikut anaknya ke Jakarta atau menepati janjinya membuatkan makanan di  kenduri Mangkudun.
Solusi                : Ikut anaknya ke jakarta dan tidak memenuhi janjinya membuatkan masakan kenduri Mangkudun.
Tokoh Mangkudun
Permasalahan :Tidak mengizikan anaknya menikah dengan Azrial karena menurutnya keluarga Azrial tidak sederajad dengan keluarganya.
Solusi                  :Mangkudun menikahkan anaknya dengan laki laki lain yang menurutnya pantas bagi anaknya.

5. Sikap kewirausahaan apa yang dapat kalian teladani dari cerpen tersebut ?
Jawaban :  Kegigihan Azrial dalam membangun usahanya  yang semula ia hanya seorang pencuci piring di rumah makan.Hingga ia bisa memiliki enam buah rumah makan dan 24 karyawan.
6. Bagaimana pendapat kalian tentang perjuangan tokoh dalam cerita ini ?
Jawaban :  Patut dicontoh dan menjadi suri teladan dalam kehidupan sehari hari.Tentang Azrial seorang pria yang gigih,sabar dan pekarja keras tanpa mengenal lelah untuk mencapai kesuksesannya di tanah rantau.
7. Jika kelak kalian berprofesi sebagai pengusaha, apa yang harus kalian lakukan ketika menghadapi hambatan yang menghadang ?
Jawaban :  Harus banyak banyak berdoa dan bekerja keras.Sabar dan pantang menyerah dalam berusaha.Jangan sampai putus asa karena ada hambatan yang menghadang.
8.Jika kalian melakukan hal yang positif, tetapi hal tersebut begi sebagiam orang masih merupakan hal yang ganjil, contohnya kalian berjualan di sekolah,tetapi tidak menganggu kegiatan belajar, dan teman teman mencemoh kalian, bagaimana tanggapan kalian ?
Jawaban: Diamkan saja, yang terpenting apa yang saya lakukan tidak menganggu prestasi saya dan orang lain.
9.Bagaimana cara kalian menunjukkan simpati atau empati kepada teman yang sedang mengalami kesulitan?
Jawaban:   Memberikan  banyak dukungan agar tetap semangat dan tidak mudah putus asa dalam menghadapi kesulitan hidup mereka.
10.Jika teman kalian meraih sukses, apa yang akan kalian lakukan ?
Jawaban:  Menjadikannya motivasi hidup.Jika dia bisa mengapa saya tidak.

Senin, 10 Agustus 2015

Organel Sel Tumbuhan ( gambar, penjelasan )


Sel tumbuhan memiliki dinding sel yang berkembang dengan baik dan vakuola besar, sedangkan sel hewan tidak memiliki bagian struktur tersebut. Selain perbedaan-perbedaan struktural, sel tumbuhan tidak memiliki sentriol dan filamen menengah, yang terdapat dalam sel hewan.
Sel tumbuhan yang khas terdiri dari sitoplasma dan organel. Bahkan, semua organel (kecuali nukleus) dan struktur subselular yang hadir dalam sitoplasma, akan tertutup oleh lapisan pelindung (dinding sel dan membran sel). Studi ilmiah telah dilakukan mengenai organel sel dan fungsi mereka. Setiap organel-organel sel tumbuhan memiliki fungsi tertentu, tanpa adanya sel tidak dapat beroperasi dengan baik.
Sel tumbuhan dilindungi dari lingkungan sekitar oleh dinding sel dan membran sel. Perhatikan bahwa keduanya merupakan struktur permukaan dan bukan organel sel. Mereka tidak hanya memberi bentuk, dukungan, dan kekuatan untuk sel, tetapi juga membantu dalam transportasi. Ketika datang pada organel yang ditemukan dalam sel tumbuhan, mereka lebih atau kurang mirip dengan sel-sel hewan, kecuali bahwa yang terakhir tidak memiliki kloroplas, yang bertanggung jawab untuk fotosintesis. Berikut ini adalah daftar dari organel yang ditemukan dalam sel tumbuhan.
Organel Sel Tumbuhan
Organel Sel Tumbuhan

Organel Sel Tumbuhan # inti (nukleus)

Nukleus (jamak nuklei) adalah organel sel yang sangat khusus, yang menyimpan komponen genetik (kromosom) dari sel tertentu. Nukleus berfungsi sebagai pusat administrasi utama sel dengan mengkoordinasikan proses metabolisme seperti pertumbuhan sel, pembelahan sel, dan sintesis protein. Bersama-sama, inti beserta isinya disebut sebagai nukleoplasma.
Nukleus

Organel Sel Tumbuhan # Plastida (Kloroplas)

Plastida adalah istilah kolektif untuk organel yang membawa pigmen. Dalam sel tumbuhan, kloroplas adalah bentuk yang paling menonjol dari plastida yang mengandung pigmen klorofil hijau. Karena plastida kloroplas ini, sel tumbuhan memiliki kemampuan untuk menjalani fotosintesis dengan adanya sinar matahari, air, dan karbon dioksida untuk mensintesis makanannya sendiri.
Kloroplas

Organel Sel Tumbuhan # ribosom

Ribosom adalah organel tumbuhan yang terdiri dari protein (40 persen) dan asam ribonukleat atau RNA (60 persen). Mereka bertanggung jawab untuk sintesis protein. Di dalam sel, ribosom dapat muncul secara bebas (ribosom bebas) atau mungkin melekat pada organel lain, retikulum endoplasma (ribosom terikat). Setiap ribosom terdiri dari dua bagian, yaitu subunit besar dan subunit kecil.
ribosom

Organel Sel Tumbuhan # mitokondria

Mitokondria (tunggal mitolondrion) adalah organel besar, bulat atau berbentuk batang yang hadir dalam sitoplasma sel tumbuhan. Mereka memecah karbohidrat kompleks dan gula menjadi bentuk yang dapat digunakan untuk tumbuhan. Mitokondria mengandung enzim tertentu yang penting untuk pasokan energi ke sel tumbuhan. Oleh karena itu, organel sel ini juga dikenal sebagai pembangkit tenaga listrik sel.
Mitokondria

Organel Sel Tumbuhan # Badan golgi

Sebuah badan Golgi juga disebut sebagai kompleks Golgi atau aparat Golgi. Organel ini memainkan peran utama dalam mengangkut zat kimia di dalam dan keluar dari sel. Setelah retikulum endoplasma mensintesis lemak dan protein, badan Golgi mengubah dan mempersiapkan mereka untuk mengekspor ke luar sel. Diatur dalam pola seperti kantung, organel ini terletak di dekat inti sel.
Badan golgi

Organel Sel Tumbuhan # Retikulum endoplasma

Retikulum endoplasma (RE) adalah penghubung antara inti dan sitoplasma sel tumbuhan. Pada dasarnya, itu adalah jaringan interkoneksi, kantung berbelit-belit yang terdapat dalam sitoplasma. Berdasarkan ada tidaknya ribosom, RE dapat dikleompokan menjadi RE jenis halus atau kasar. Jenis yang pertama memiliki ribosom, sedangkan yang kedua ditutupi dengan ribosom. Secara keseluruhan, retikulum endoplasma berfungsi sebagai manufaktur, penyimpanan, dan pengangkutan struktur glikogen, protein, steroid, dan senyawa lainnya.
Retikulum endoplasma

Organel Sel Tumbuhan # vakuola

Vakuola adalah membran, organel penyimpanan yang membantu dalam mengatur tekanan turgor dari sel tumbuhan. Dalam sel tumbuhan, bisa ada lebih dari satu vakuola. Namun, vakuola menghabiskan wilayah yang lebih besar daripada yang lain, yang menyimpan segala macam senyawa kimia. Vakuola juga membantu dalam pencernaan intraselular molekul kompleks dan ekskresi produk-produk limbah.
vakuola

Organel Sel Tumbuhan # peroksisom ( Sitoplasma)

Peroksisom adalah organel sitoplasma dari sel tumbuhan, yang mengandung enzim oksidatif tertentu. Enzim ini digunakan untuk pemecahan metabolisme asam lemak ke dalam bentuk gula sederhana. Fungsi penting lainnya dari peroksisom adalah untuk membantu kloroplas dalam menjalani proses fotorespirasi.
Yah! Ini adalah keterangan singkat tentang organel sel tumbuhan, struktur, dan fungsi spesifik. Bagian lain dari sel tumbuhan termasuk mikrofilamen (komponen struktural), mikrotubulus (komponen sitoskeleton), dan plasmodesmata (menghubungkan tabung antara sel-sel). Seperti yang telah kita lihat di atas, koordinasi organel sel sangat penting untuk melaksanakan fungsi fisiologis dan biokimia tumbuhan.

Selasa, 04 Agustus 2015

SEL PROKARIOT DAN EUKARIOT (perbedaannya,jenis-jenis sel,bagian-bagian sel,gambar)

SEL PROKARIOTIK DAN EUKARIOTIK
Sel ialah satu unit kehidupan. Semua benda hidup baik hewan atau tumbuhan disusun oleh sel. Sel-sel ini berkumpul dan bergabung dengan adanya bahan antara sel diantaranya untuk membentuk jaringan seperti otot, tulang rawan dan saraf. Dalam keadaan tertentu beberapa jaringan bergabung dan membina organ seperti kelenjar, pembuluh darah, kulit dal lain-lain.
Di alam inikita dapat membagi sel ke dalam dua kelompok, yaitu sel prokariotik dan sel eukariotik. Istilah prokariotik, dibangun dari kata pro dan karyon. Pro, artinya sebelum dan kryon, artinya inti. Jadi sel prokariotiiik artiya ”sebelum inti”. Ini mengandung pengertian bahwa sel prokariotik bukannya tanpa inti, melainkan memiliki materi genetik yang tersebar di dalam sitplasmanya. Eukariot dibangun dari kata Eu da Karyon. Eu, berarti sungguh dan karyon berarti inti. Jadi sel eukariotik adalah sel-sel yang telah memiliki inti sel, atau sel yang memiliki materi inti yang terorganisasi dalam suatu selaput, sehingga inti selnya tampak jelas (Sumardi dan Marianti, 2007).
Telah diketahui bahwa semua organisme hidup di bumi sekarang berasal dari sel tunggal yang lahir 3.500 berjuta-juta tahun yang lalu. Sel purba ini digambarkan dengan suatu selaput di sebelah luar, salah satu peristiwa yang rumit yang memimpin penetapan hidup di atas bumi. Molekul organik sederhana tersebut mungkin telah diproduksi dalam kondisi-kondisi yang memungkinkannya hidup dan lestari di bumi dalam status awal hidpunya (kira-kira selama milyaran tahun pertamanya).
• Sel Prokariot
Yang termasuk di dalam golongan sel-sel prokariotik adalah bakteri dan ganggang hijau-biru atau Cyanobacteria. Struktur sel bakteri dapat di lihat pada gambar berikut:

Berdasarkan gambar di atas, dapat dilihat di bagian dalam membran plasma terdapat sitoplasma, ribosom dan nukleoid. Sitoplasma dapat mengandung vakuola, vesikel (vakuola kecil) dan menyimpa cadangan gula komplek atau bahan-bahan organik. Ribosom terdapat bebas di dalam sitoplasma dan tempat terjadinya sintesis protein.
• Sel Eukariot
Sel-sel eukariotik memiliki struktur yang lebh maju dari pada sel-sel prokariotik. Sel pada umumnya terlihat sebagai massa yang jenih dengan bentuk yang tidak teratur, dibatasi oleh sutu selaput dan ditengah-tengahnya tedapat bangunan yang lebih pucat yang bentuknya bulat, disebut nnukleus atau inti sel. Jadi secara umum sel itu dibina oleh selaput atau membran sel, plasma sel, dan inti sel. Di bawah dapat dilihat struktur sel eukariotik (sel hewan dan sel tumbuhan):

a. Membran Sel
Membran plasma merupakan batas kehidupan, batas yang memisahkan sel hidup dengan sekelilingnya yang mati. Lapisan tipis yan luar biasa ini tebalnya kira-kira 8 nm. Seperti semua membran biologis, membran plasma memiliki permeabilitas selektif, yakni membran ini memungkinkan beberapa substansi dapat melintasinya dengan mudah daripada substansi lainnya. (Campbell, dkk., 2002)
Berikut dapat dilihat struktur dari membran plasma:

Secara umum, fungsi membran plasma adalah sebagai berikut (Landriani, 2007) :
1. Mengatur transport zat
2. Melindungi sitoplasma dan isi sel
3. Terdapat protein integral untuk transport aktif
4. Terdapat protein perifer untuk menangkap zat yang dibutuhkan
b. Sitoplasma
Sitoplasma disebut juga plasma sel. Istilah ini digunakan untuk memberikan nama dari cairan sel dan segala sesuatu yang terlarut di dalamnya, untuk membedakan cairan yang berada dalam inti sel, yaitu nukleoplasma.
Sitoplasma berada dalam sistem koloid kompleks, sebagian besar adalah air yang di dalamnya terlarut molekul- molekul kecil maupun besar (makromolekul), ion-ion, dan bahan hidup atau organel-organel. Organel-organel yang terdapat dalam sitoplasma antara lain:
a) Retikulum endoplasma
Retikulum endoplasma berupa sistem membran yang sangat luas di dalam sel, berupa saluran-saluran dan tabung pipih. Ruang yang terkurung itu mungkin saling berhubungan Retikulum endoplasma ada dua jenis, yaitu:
– RE kasar atau bergranula
– RE halus atau tak bergranula
https://aimaifantasy.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/re.jpg
RE kasar kerana terdapat unit-unit ribosom pada permukaan external membrannya. RE halus tidak mempunyai ribosom pada permukaannya. RE licin banyak terdapat dalam sel-sel hepar dan kelenjar adrenal.
b) Ribosom
Ribosom merupakan struktur yang paling kecil yang tersuspensi di dalam sitoplasmanya. Bentuknya agak bulat, dengan diameter kurang lebih 250 A. Fungsi ribosom adalah sebagai tempat sintesis protein. Di bawah mikroskop elektron, tampak bahwa ribosom terdiri dari dua bagian, yang satu leih besar dari yang lain:

c) Badan Golgi/ kompleks Golgi
Badan Golgi terbentuk oleh susunan lempengan kantong-kantong yang khas dikelilingi membran. Lempengan kantong ini disebut sisterna. Dalam sel tumbuhan, badan Golgi terdiri atas susunan dari beberapa sisterna. Pada penghujung kantong terdapat kantong-kantong bulat kecil atau vesikula yang menempel dan yang seolaholah terjentik dari ujung kantong yang berukuran lebih besar (Sheeler and Bianchi, 1987).
https://aimaifantasy.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/badangolgi.jpg
Badan Golgi sebagai organel sel eukariotik mempunyai fungsi yang beragam, antara lain (Sheeler and Bianchi, 1987):
1) Mengemas bahan-bahan sekresi yang akan dibebas-kan dari sel,
2) Memproses protein-protein yang telah disintesa oleh ribosom dari retikulum endoplasma,
3) Mensintesa polisakarida tertentu dan glycolipids,
4) Memilih protein untuk berbagai lokasi di dalam sel,
5) Memperbanyak elemen membran yang baru bagi membran plasma, dan
6) Memproses kembali komponen-komponen membran plasma yang telah memasuki sitosol selama endositosis. Badan golgi berperan dalam banyak proses selular yang berbeda tetapi yang utama adalah dalam hal sekresi.
d) Mitokondria
Mitokondria berbentuk lonjong atau oval, berdiameter kurang lebih 0,2 µm. Mitokndra memiliki membran rangkap, membran dalam membentuk lipata-lipatan yang dinamakan krista. Di dalam sel jumanya banya sekali, terutama pada sel-se yang giat bekerja seperti hat, ginjal, dan sel-sel otot. Fungsi utama dari mitokondria adalah sebagai tempat respirasi sel atau sebagai pembangkit energi.
https://aimaifantasy.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/mitokondria.jpg

e) Lisosom
Lisosom adalah struktur-struktur kecil, berbentuk agak bulat dan bermembran. Ia merupakan organel sitoplasma yang mengandung berbagai jenis enzim hidrolisis. Dapat dibedakan atas lisosom primer dan lisosom sekunder. Lisosom hanya ditemukan pada sel hewan saja.

https://aimaifantasy.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/lisosom.jpg
f) Kloroplast
Kloroplast hanya terdapat pad tumbuhan dan ganggang tertentu. Kloroplas dibatasi oleh membran rangkap, di dalamnya terdapat cairan atau matriks fluid yang disebut stroma, dapat dilihat pada gambar berikut:

 https://aimaifantasy.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/kloroplast.jpg
Berdasarkan gambar dapat dilihat bahwa pada bagian dalam stroma terdapat struktur yang membran yang dinamakan tilakoid. Tumpukan tilakoid disebut granum. Bagian dalam tilakoid disebut lokulus. Tilakoid yang menghubungkan antar grana disebut fret. Di dalam membran tilakoidterdapat enzim-enzim untuk kelengkapan reaksi terang fotsintesis, dan di sinilah terdapatnya lorofil. Jadi fungsi tilakoid adalah sebagai tempat berlangsungnya reaksi terang fotosintesis. Sedangkan pada stroma terdapat enzim-enzim yang sangat penting untuk reduksi CO2 menjadi kabohidrat. Jadi fungsi stroma adalah tempat berlangsungya reaksi gelap fotosintesis
g) Peroksisom
Peroksisom merupakan ruangan metabolisme khusus yang dilingkupi oleh membran tunggal (gambar). Peroksisom mengandung enzim yang mentransfer hidrogen dari berbagai substrat ke oksigen, yang menghasilkan hidrogen peroksida (H2O2) sebagai produk samping, dari sinilah organel tersebut mengambil namanya.
https://aimaifantasy.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/peroksisom.jpg
Peroksisom berbentuk agak bulat dan sering memiliki inti butiran atau kristal yang mungkin saja kumpulan banyak enzim. Peroksisom ini berada dalam sel daun. Berdasarkan gambar di atas dapat dilihat kedekatannya dengan dua keloroplastdan sat mitokondria. Organel-organel ini bekerja sama dengan peroksisom dalam fungsi metabolisme tertentu.
h) Vakuola
Vakuola dan vesikula merupakan kantung terikat membran di dalam sel, tetapi vakuola lebih besar daripada vesikula. Vakuola sentral biasanya merupakan ruangan terbesar di dalam sel tumbuhan, yang meliput 80% atau lebih dari sel dewasanya. Vakuola sel tumbuhan merupakan ruangan yang serbaguna. Vakuola ini merupakan tempat menyimpan senyawa organik, seperti protein yang ditumpuk dalam vakuoa sel penyimpanan dalam benih. Vakuola ini juga ,erupakan tempat penimbunan ion anorganik yang utama dari sel tumbuhan, seperti kalium dan klorida.
c. Inti Sel
Nukleus merupakan organel yang paling penting bagi sel. Ada sel yang mempunyai dua nukleus seperti sel otot jantung dan ada multinukleus seperti sel otot rangka. Dari segi morfologi, nukleus terdiri atas:
a) membran nukleus
b) kromatin
c) nukleolus
d) nukleoplasma
https://aimaifantasy.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/nukleus.jpg
Inti sel berbentuk bulat atau lonjong, dibatasi oleh membran rangkap. Fungsi inti sel adalah sebagai pusat aktivitas sel dan sebagai pengatur pewarisan sifat-sifat keturunan (kromosom).
D. PERBEDAAN SEL PROKARIOT DAN EUKARIOT
Berikut adalah tabel perbedaan sel prokatiot dan eukariot:
https://aimaifantasy.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/gam.jpg
SECARA SINGKAT, FUNGSI ORGANEL SEL:
a. Membran Plasma
Tersusun atas lemak (lipid) dan protein (lipoprotein).
Fungsi: melindungi sel, mengatur keluar masuknya zat dan sebagai penerima rangsang dari luar sel.
2. Sitoplasma
Tersusun atas:
– cairan: sitosol
– padatan: berupa organela-organela
Fungsi: tempat berlangsungnya reaksi metabolisme sel.
c. Nukleus
Merupakan organel terbesar, berbentuk bulat, membran rangkap. Di dalam nukleus terdapat nukleoplasma, yang terdiri atas benang ‘kromatin’ yang tersusun atas DNA, RNA dan protein. Selain itu terkadang terbentuk nukleolus
Fungsi: pengendali seluruh aktivitas sel, pengatur pembelahan sel dan pembawa informasi genetik.
d. Sentriol
Hanya dimiliki sel hewan.
Fungsi: menarik kromosom menuju ke kutub.
e. Retikulum Endoplasma (RE)
Berbentuk benang-benang jala meliputi:
– RE kasar: terdapat ribosom, b’fungsi utk transpor & sintesis protein.
– RE halus: tdk t’dpt ribosom, b’fungsi utk transpor & sintesis lemak & steroid.
f. Ribosom
Tersusun dr protein & RNA, b’bentuk bulat & tdk b’membran.
Fungsi: tempat b’langsungnya sintesis protein.
g. Kompleks Golgi
Terdiri atas membran b’bentuk kantong pipih. Pd sel tumbuhan, kompleks golgi disebut diktiosom.
Fungsi: sekresi polisakarida, protein & lendir (musin).
h. Lisosom
Merupakan membran b’bentuk kantong kecil b’isi enzim hidrolitik yg b’fungsi dlm pencernaan intrasel.
Fungsi lain:
– mencerna materi yg diambil secara endositosis.
– menghancurkan organela sel lain yg sudah tdk b’fungsi (autofage).
– menghancurkan selnya sendiri (autolisis).
i. Mitokondria
Memiliki membran rangkap (luar & dlm). Membran dlm berlekuk-lekuk membentuk krista.
j. Mikrotubulus
Tersusun atas protein tubulin
Fungsi: punyusun spindel, sentriol, silia & flagela.
k. Mikrofilamen
Tersusun atas protein aktin.
Fungsi: dlm gerakan sel, sitoplasma, kontraksi otot & pembelahan sel.
l. Dinding Sel
Tersusun atas protein selulose, hemiselulose, pektin & lignin.
Fungsi: memberi bentuk sel, melindungi bagian sebelah dlm, & mengatur transportasi zat.
m. Badan mikro
Terdiri:
– Peroksisom: mengandung enzim katalase.
– Glioksisom: mengandung enzim katalase & oksidase.
n. Plastida
Organela yg mengandung pigmen, meliputi:
– Kloroplas: plastida yg mengandung pigmen klorofil/hijau.
– Kromoplas: plastida yg mengandung pigmen merah, jingga, kuning.
– Leukoplas: plastida yg tdk mengandung pigmen.
o. Vakuola
Vakuola sel tumbuhan b’sifat menetap.
Fungsi: tmpt menyimpan cadangan mkanan, pigmen, minyak atsiri & sisa metabolisme.
Semoga bermanfaat… :) yyyyy ^&^

Senin, 08 Juni 2015

Wiz Khalifa ft. Charlie Puth - See You Again Lyrics

Lirik Lagu Wiz Khalifa  ft. Charlie Puth - See You Again

(Charlie)
It's been a long day without you my friend
And I'll tell you all about it when I see you again
We've come a long way from where we began
Oh I'll tell you all about it when I see you again
When I see you again

(Wiz K)
Damn who knew all the planes we flew
Good things we've been through
That I'll be standing right here
Talking to you about another path I
Know we loved to hit the road and laugh
But something told me that it wouldn't last
Had to switch up look at things different see the bigger picture
Those were the days hard work forever pays now I see you in a better place
How could we not talk about family when family's all that we got?
Everything I went through you were standing there by my side
And now you gonna be with me for the last ride

(Charlie)
It's been a long day without you my friend
And I'll tell you all about it when I see you again
We've come a long way from where we began
Oh I'll tell you all about it when I see you again
when I see you again

(Wiz Khaila )
First you both go out your way
And the vibe is feeling strong and what's
Small turn to a friendship, a friendship
Turn into a bond and that bond will never
Be broken and the love will never get lost
And when brotherhood come first then the line
Will never be crossed established it on our own
When that line had to be drawn and that line is what
We reach so remember me when I'm gone
How could we not talk about family when family's all that we got?
Everything I went through you were standing there by my side
And now you gonna be with me for the last ride
So let the light guide your way hold every memory
As you go and every road you take will always lead you home

(charlie)
It's been a long day without you my friend
And I'll tell you all about it when I see you again
We've come a long way from where we began
Oh I'll tell you all about it
when I see you again
When I see you again

Read more: Other my post ,please!

lyric Bad Blood - Taylor Swift ( Feat Kendrick Lamar) az

Lirik lagu: Bad Blood (Feat. Kendrick Lamar)
 
 
 
[Intro: Taylor Swift]
Cause baby, now we've got bad blood
You know it used to be mad love
So take a look what you've done
Cause baby, now we've got bad blood, hey!

[Verse 1: Kendrick Lamar]
I can't take it back, look where I'm at
We was on D like DOC, remember that?
My TLC was quite OD, ID my facts
Now POV of you and me, similar Iraq
I don't hate you but I hate to critique, overrate you
These beats of a dark heart, use basslines to replace you
Take time and erase you, love don't hear no more
No I don't fear no more
Better yet, respect ain't quite sincere no more

[Pre-Chorus: Taylor Swift]
Oh, it's so sad to
Think about the good times
You and I

[Chorus: Taylor Swift]
Cause baby, now we've got bad blood
You know it used to be mad love
So take a look what you've done
Cause baby, now we've got bad blood, hey!
Now we've got problems
And I don't think we can solve 'em
You made a really deep cut
And baby, now we've got bad blood, hey!

[Verse 2: Kendrick Lamar]
Remember when you tried to write me off?
Remember when you thought I'd take a loss?
Don't you remember? You thought that I would need ya
Follow procedure, remember? Oh wait, you got amnesia
It was my season for battle wounds, battle scars
Body bumped, bruised
Stabbed in the back; brimstone, fire jumping through
Still, all my life, I got money and power
And you gotta live with the bad blood now

[Pre-Chorus: Taylor Swift]
Oh, it's so sad to
Think about the good times
You and I

[Chorus: Taylor Swift]
Cause baby, now we've got bad blood
You know it used to be mad love
So take a look what you've done
Cause baby, now we've got bad blood, hey!
Now we've got problems
And I don't think we can solve 'em
You made a really deep cut
And baby, now we've got bad blood, hey!

[Bridge: Taylor Swift (Kendrick Lamar)]
Band-Aids don't fix bullet holes
You say sorry just for show
You live like that, you live with ghosts
(You forgive, you forget but you never let it go)
Band-Aids don't fix bullet holes
You say sorry just for show
If you live like that, you live with ghosts
If you love like that, blood runs cold!

[Chorus: Taylor Swift]
Cause baby, now we've got bad blood
You know it used to be mad love
So take a look what you've done
Cause baby, now we've got bad blood, hey!
Now we've got problems
And I don't think we can solve 'em
You made a really deep cut
And baby, now we've got bad blood, hey!

[Chorus: Taylor Swift]
Cause baby, now we've got bad blood
You know it used to be mad love
So take a look what you've done
Cause baby, now we've got bad blood, hey!
Now we've got problems
And I don't think we can solve 'em
You made a really deep cut
And baby, now we've got bad blood, hey!

RIDDLE And SAYING PROVERBS ( contoh Teka-teki/Riddle dan Peribahasa/Proverbs dalam Bahasa Inggris)



RIDDLE And SAYING PROVERBS ( contoh Teka-teki/Riddle dan Peribahasa/Proverbs dalam Bahasa Inggris)

 

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RIDDLE
A riddle is a statement or question or phrase having a double or veiled meaning, put forth as a puzzle to be solved. Riddles are of two types: enigmas, which are problems generally expressed in metaphorical or allegorical language that require ingenuity and careful thinking for their solution, and conundra, which are questions relying for their effects on punning in either the question or the answer.
No.
Riddle
Answer
1.
Why did the boy bury his flashlight?
Because the batteries were dead.
2.
There are 5 birds in a tree. A hunter shoots 2 of them dead. How many birds are left?
2 birds. The other 3 fly away!
3.
If a man was born in Italy, went to America and died in San Francisco, what would he be?
Dead!
4.
Why is the letter "T" like an island?
Because it is in the middle of waTer!
5.
What starts with "P", ends with "E", and has millions of letters?
The "Post Office"!
6.
What word begins with "e", ends with "e", and has one letter?
Envelope!
7.
I have 12 legs, 12 arms and 8 heads. What am I?
A liar!
8.
Why do witches have brooms?
Because vacuum cleaners are too heavy!
9.
What is white when it's dirty and black when it's clean?
A blackboard
10.
What did the ocean say to the beach?
Nothing, it just waved!
11.
What letter of the alphabet is an insect?
B. (bee)
12.
What letter is a part of the head?
I (eye)
13.
What letter is a drink?
T (tea)
14.
What letter is a body of water?
C (sea)
15.
What letter is a vegetable?
P (pea)
16.
What letter is looking for causes ?
Y (why)
17.
What four letters frighten a thief?
O.I.C.U. (Oh I see you!)
18.
What comes once in a minute, twice in a moment but not once in a thousand years?
The letter "m"
19.
What word of only three syllables contains 26 letters?
Alphabet = (26 letters)
20.
Why is "U" the happiest letter?
Because it is in the middle of "fun".
21
What way are the letter "A" and "noon" alike?
Both of them are in the middle of the "day".
22
Which is the loudest vowel?
The letter "I". It is always in the midst of noise
23
In what way can the letter "A" help a deaf lady?
It can make "her" "hear.
24
What relatives are dependent on "you"?
Aunt, uncle, cousin. They all need "U".
25
What is the end of everything?
The letter "g".
26
What has many keys but can't open any doors?
A piano.
27
Who earns money driving their customers away?
A taxi driver.
28
Can a kangaroo jump higher than the Empire State Building?
Yes, because the Empire State Building can't jump!
29
I do not have a husband but I have children. I am a mother of four children. I am a part of your body.
Thumb
30
What has a neck, but no head?
Bottle
31
What do tigers have that no other animals have?
Baby tigers.
32
What has teeth but can’t bite?
Comb.
33
 Which room has no doors, no windows?
Mushroom.
34
I have a mouth on my head and eat everything.What am I
Backpack
35
The more you take, the more you leave behind.
Footsteps
36
 Two in a corner, 1 in a room, 0 in a house, but 1 in a shelter. What am I?
The letter r.
37
“Three eyes have I, all in a row; when the red one opens, all freeze.”
traffic light.
38
What is the end of everything?
The letter “g”.
39
How many letters are there in the English alphabet?
18 letters! 3 in “the”, 7 in “English”, and 8 in “alphabet”
40
Which vehicle is spelled the same forwards and backwards?
RACE CAR
41
What is something you will never see again?
Yesterday
42
How do you make the number one disappear?
Add the letter G and it’s “GONE”
43
Take away my first letter, and I still sound the same. Take away my last letter, I still sound the same. Even take away my letter in the middle, I will still sound the same. I am a five letter word. What am I?
EMPTY
44
Imagine you are in a dark room. How do you get out?
Stop imagining
45
What comes down but never goes up?
Rain
46
An electric train slid with high speed towards the west. Train speed is 80 km / hour. From the north wind blows fast enough at 30 km / h. The question is, which way the train is blown fumes?
Electric trains do not fumes.
47
One day, a large ship anchored in the harbor. The ship was 30 m high. And heavy rain fell that day. It turns on every hour, half a meter of water increases. The question is, How long is it going to sink the ship?
The ship will not sink, because once of sea water increased, the ship will also be lifted up.
48
If you have me, you want to share me. If you share me, you haven’t got me. What am I?
Secret.
49
Whichever is the greater, 75% of 57 or 57% of 75?
SAME
50
. If it takes one minute to boil one egg, how long it takes to boil ten eggs?
One minute. Boil only once.
51
I live above a star but never burn. I have 11 neighbors but they never turn. My initials are p, q, r and sometimes s. What am I?
Number 7 on a phone keypad
52
They travel all over the world but end up in the corner, what are they?
Stamps



English Proverbs & Sayings
A bad tree does not yield good apples.
A bad parent does not raise good children.
A bad workman blames his tools.
Blaming the tools for bad workmanship is an excuse for lack of skill.
A bird in hand is worth two in
a bush.
It is better to keep what you have rather than to risk losing it by searching for something better.
A broken friendship may be soldered but will never be sound.
Friendships can be rebuilt after a dispute but will never be as strong as before.
A burden of one's own choice is not felt.
Something difficult seems easier when it is done voluntarily.
A burnt child dreads the fire.
A bad experience will make people stay away from certain things.
A cat has nine lives.
1) Cats can survive many accidents because they land on their feet without injury.
2) Nine lives = 3 years to play, 3 years to stray, 3 years to stay.
A chain is no stronger than its weakest link.
The strength of a group depends on each individual member.
A change is as good as a rest.
A change in routine is often as refreshing as a break or a holiday.
A dry March, a wet April and a cool May fill barn and cellar and bring much hay.
Harvest predictions are made according to the weather.
A fault confessed is half redressed.
Confession is the beginning of forgiveness.
A flower blooms more than once.
If you miss an occasion, you can avail yourself of it another time.
A fool and his money are (soon) easily parted.
A foolish person usually spends money carelessly.
A fool at forty is a fool forever.
If a person hasn't matured by the age of 40, they never will.
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
Someone who helps you when you are in trouble is a real friend.
A friend to all is a friend to none.
Someone who is a friend to everyone makes none of them feel special.
A friend's eye is a good mirror.
A real friend will tell you the truth.
A good example is the best sermon.
Giving a good example is better than giving advice.
A good beginning makes a good end.
If a task is carefully planned, there's a better chance that it will be well done.
A good conscience is a soft pillow.
You sleep well when you have nothing to be guilty about.
A guilty conscience needs no accuser.
If you know that you have done something wrong, you don't need anyone to tell you that you're guilty.
A hungry belly has no ears.
A hungry person is totally concentrated on their need for food and nothing else interests them.
A hungry wolf is fixed to no place.
A desperate person will go from place to place in order to satisfy their needs.

 (A) bad excuse is better than none.
Always give an excuse, even if it's a poor one.
Bad news travels fast.
People tend to circulate bad news very quickly (accidents, illness, etc.).
 (A) bad penny always turns up.
An unwanted or disreputable person constantly comes back.
(A) bad tree does not yield good apples.
A bad parent does not raise good children.
(A) bad workman blames his tools.
Blaming tools for bad workmanship is an excuse for lack of skill.
 (A) barking dog seldom bites.
Someone who constantly makes threats rarely carries them out.
Be just before you are generous.
Make sure all your debts are paid before you start offering help to others.
Beauty is only skin deep.
A person's character is more important than their appearance.
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
Different people have different tastes.
Beauty is the wisdom of women.
Wisdom is the beauty of men.
No comment!
Be swift to hear, slow to speak.
Listen carefully before speaking.
(The) best advice is found on the pillow.
A good night's sleep may help us find an answer to our problem.
(The) best helping hand is at the end of your sleeve.
The best way to get something done is to do it yourself.
(The) best things in life are free.
You don't have to pay for what is important: happiness, friendship, good health.
Better an egg today than a hen tomorrow.
It is preferable to have something sure now than the possibility of something better later.
Better be alone than in bad company.
Be careful in the choice of the people you associate with.
Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion.
It's better to be the leader of a small group than a subordinate in a bigger one.
Better flatter a fool than fight him.
It's better to avoid disputes with stupid people.
Better to drink the milk than to eat the cow.
Be careful not to destroy the source of your income or welfare.
Better the devil you know than the devil you don't know.
It's better to deal with someone difficult but familiar than change and risk dealing with somebody worse.
Better late than never.
It's better to do something, even if it's late, than not do it at all.
Better lose the saddle than the horse.
It's better to stop and accept a small loss than continue and risk losing everything.
Better safe than sorry.
It's better to be too careful than to be careless and regret it later.
Better be untaught than ill-taught.
It's better not to be taught at all than to be taught badly.
Beware of Greeks bearing gifts.
Don't trust your enemies.
(A) bird in hand is worth two in a bush.
It's better to keep what you have than to risk losing it by searching for something else.
Birds of a feather flock together.
People of the same sort are usually found together.
(A) black plum is as sweet as a white.
People should not be judged by their appearance.
Blood is thicker than water.
Family relationships are stronger than relationships with other people.
Blood will out.
A person's background or education will eventually show.
(A) book holds a house of gold.
There is a wealth of knowledge in books.
(A) broken friendship may be soldered but it will never be sound.
Friendships can be rebuilt after a dispute but will never be as strong as before.
(A) burden of one's own choice  is not felt.
Something difficult seems easier when it is done voluntarily.
(A) burnt child dreads the fire.
A bad experience will make people stay away from certain things.
 (A) calm sea does not make a skilled
 sailor.
A person shows their competence or ability when difficulties arise.
(A) cat has nine lives.
1) Cats can survive many accidents because
    they land on their feet without injury.
2) Nine lives = 3 years to play, 3 years to
    stray, 3 years to stay.
(A) chain is no stronger than its  weakest link.
The strength of a group depends on each individual member.
(A) change is as good as a rest.
A change in routine is often as refreshing as a break or a holiday.
Charity begins at home.
A person's first duty is to help and care for his own family.
Children and fools tell the truth.
Neither children nor fools know that it is sometimes advantageous to lie.
Cleanliness is next to godliness.
A clean body is just as important as a pure soul.
Clear moon, frost soon.
If the atmosphere is clear, frost may form.
(A) closed mouth catches no flies.
If you learn when to keep silent you will avoid trouble.
Clothes don't make the man.
Appearances can be deceiving.
(A) constant guest is never welcome.
If you come to visit too often, your host will be less pleased to see you.
Constant occupation prevents temptation.
When you are busy working, you avoid temptation.  D


(A) danger foreseen is half avoided.
If you are prepared to face a problem or difficulty, it will be easier to deal with.
(The) darkest hour is just before dawn.
The most difficult moment is just before a problem is solved.
(A) day of sorrow is longer than a month of joy.
Times goes by very quickly when you are happy
and very slowly when you are sad.
Dead men tell no lies.
A dead person cannot cause difficulties by revealing something that it would be preferable to conceal.
Death is the great leveller.
All people are equal when they die.
(The) devil looks after his own.
Success comes to those who deserve it least.
(The) devil makes work for idle hands.
People who have no work, or are idle, often get into trouble.
Diamonds cut diamonds.
Refers to two people equally matched in wit or cunning.
(The) die is cast.
A decision has been made and it is impossible to change it.
Diligence is the mother of good fortune.
Hard work brings rewards.
Discretion is the better part of valour.
It is useless to take unnecessary risks.
Diseases of the soul are more dangerous
than those of the body.
Thought to refer to mental and emotional disorder or spiritual torment as opposed to bodily pain.
Distance makes the heart grow fonder.
When you are separated from the person you love, your feelings are even stronger.
Dogs of the same street bark alike.
People of the same background have the same behaviour.
Don't bark if you can't bite.
Don't complain if you can't enforce your point of view.
Don't count your chickens before they're hatched.
You must not be too confident that something will be successful.
Don't dig your grave with our own knife and fork.
Don't do something yourself that causes your own downfall.
Don't judge a book by its cover.
Don't judge by appearances.
(A) drop of ink may make a million think.
A thought expressed in writing (perhaps published in a newspaper) can influence a large number of people.
(A) dry March, a wet April and a cool May
may fill barn and cellar and bring much hay.
Harvest predictions according to the weather.
Early to bed, and early to rise, makes
a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
It is much better for you to go to bed early and to get up early in the morning;
(The) early bird catches the worm.
Act early, or before anyone else, if you want to have an advantage or be successful.
Easier said than done.
What is suggested sounds easy, but it is more difficult to actually do it.
Elbow grease is the best polish.
Hard work gives the best results.
Empty vessels make the most noise.
The least intelligent people are often the most talkative or noisy.
(An) empty purse frightens away friends.
When one's financial situation deteriorates, friends tend to disappear.
(The) end justifies the means.
Wrong or unfair methods may be used if the result of the action is good.
(An) Englishman's  home is his castle.
An Englishman's home is a place where he feels safe, enjoys privacy and can do as he wishes.
Every ass likes to hear himself bray.
People like to listen to themselves talking.
Every cloud has a silver lining.
There is a positive or hopeful side to every situation.
Every man for himself.
You must think of your own interests before the interests of others.
Every man has his price.
Everyone's loyalty can be bought for a price.
Every man is the architect of his own fortune.
Life is what you make it.
Every path has its puddle.
Progress is rarely without difficulty.
Every rose has its thorn.
Every good thing has an unpleasant side.
Every why has a wherefore.
There is an explanation for everything.
Everything in the garden is rosy.
Everything is satisfactory.
Experience is the father of wisdom.
Experience and knowledge result in better judgement.
Facts speak louder than words
People show what they are really like by what they do, rather than by what they say.
Failure teaches success.
People can learn from their failures and be successful later on.
Fair exchange is no robbery
Swapping two items of equal value is an honest deal.
False friends are worse than open enemies.
It's better to know who your real enemies are rather than trust someone who pretends to be a friend but is capable of stabbing you in the back.
Familiarity breeds contempt
Knowing someone very well can lead to a lack of respect for them.
(A) fault confessed is half redressed.
Confession is the beginning of forgiveness.
Fine words butter no parsnips
No amount of talking can replace action.
First come, first served.
The first person in the line will be attended to first.
(The) first step is the hardest.
The most difficult part of an action is the beginning.
(A) flower blooms more than once.
If you miss an occasion, you can avail yourself of it another time.
(A) fly will not get into a closed mouth.
If you learn when to keep silent you will avoid trouble.
(A) fool and his money are (soon) easily parted.
A foolish person usually spends money carelessly.
(A) fool at forty is a fool forever.
If a person hasn't matured by the age of 40, they never will.
Fool me once, shame on you; fool me twice, shame on me.
One should learn from one's mistakes.
Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.
Inexperienced people become involved in situations that more intelligent people would avoid.
(A) friend in need is a friend indeed.
Someone who helps you when you are in trouble is a real friend.
(A) friend to all is a friend to none.
Someone who is a friend to everyone makes none of them feel special.
(A) friend's eye is a good mirror.
A real friend will tell you the truth.
Friendship is like money, easier made than kept.
Effort is necessary to keep a friendship alive.
Friendship is love with understanding.
A friend is more tolerant than a lover/partner/spouse?
Gardens are not made by sitting in the shade.
Nothing is achieved without effort.
Give someone an inch and they will take a mile (or yard)
Give someone a little and they will want more - some people are never satisfied.
Give someone enough rope and they will hang themselves.
Give someone enough time and freedom and they will get into trouble.
God helps those who help themselves.
Success comes to those who make a real effort to achieve it.
Good accounting makes good friends.
You will keep your friends if you avoid disputes over money.
Good and quickly seldom meet.
A well-done job takes time.
(A) good beginning makes a good end.
If a task is carefully planned, there's a better chance that it will be well done.
(A) good conscience is a soft pillow.
You sleep well when you have nothing to feel guilty about.
(A) good mind possesses a kingdom.
Intellectual assets are more valuable than material ones.
(A) good name is better than a good face.
A good reputation is better than a good appearance.
Good management is better than good income.
Income can be lost if it is used carelessly.
Grasp all, lose all.
Trying to obtain everything will often result in gaining nothing.
Great minds think alike.
Intelligent people very often have the same idea at the same time.
Great oaks grow from small acorns.
Large successful operations can begin in a small way.
Grief divided is made lighter.
If you share your grief, it will be easier to bear.
(A) growing youth has a wolf in his belly.
Young boys eat a lot / are often hungry.
(A) guilty conscience needs no accuser.
If you know that you have done something wrong, you don't need anyone to tell you that you're guilty.
Half a loaf is better than none
You should be grateful for something, even if it is not as much as you wanted.
(A) handful of patience is worth more than a bushel of brains.
Patience is more precious than intelligence.
Handsome is what handsome does.
Behaviour is more important than appearance.
(A) happy heart is better than a full purse.
Happiness is better than wealth.
Hard words breaks no bones.
Criticism or verbal attacks may be unpleasant but will not kill anyone.
Haste makes waste
If something is done too quickly, it may be done carelessly and need to be redone.
Hatred is as blind as love.
A person who feels hatred does not see any qualities in the person he/she hates.
(A) heavy purse gives to a light heart.
When you have money you feel more cheerful
and secure.
(A) hedge between keeps friendship green.
It is important to respect the privacy of others.
He can who believes he can.
If you believe you can do something, you will be able to do it.
He has enough who is content.
A happy person needs nothing more.
He who hesitates is lost.
If you delay your decision too long, you may miss a good opportunity.
He who is everywhere is nowhere.
It's not good to do too many things at the same time.
He who know nothing doubts nothing.
Knowledge leads us to make choices.
He who pays the piper calls the tune.
The person who provides the money for something should control how it is spent.
He who plays with fire gets burnt.
If you behave in a risky way, you are likely to have problems.
He who wills the end wills the means.
If you are determined to do something you will find a way.
He laughs best who laughs last.
Don't express your joy, or triumph, too soon.
Health is better than wealth.
It's better to be in good health than to be rich.
(The best) helping hand is at the end of your sleeve.
The best way to get something done is to do it yourself.
Home is where the heart is.
You call home the place where the people you love are.
Honesty is the best policy.
It's always better to be honest.
Honey catches more flies than vinegar.
You can obtain more cooperation from others
by being nice.
However long the night, the dawn will break.
Bad things don't last forever.
Hunger is a good sauce.
All food tastes good when you are hungry.
(A) hungry belly has no ears.
A hungry person is totally concentrated on their need for food and nothing else interests them.
(A) hungry wolf is fixed to no place.
A desperate person will go from place to place when they need to satisfy their needs.

(An) idle brain is the devil's workshop.
When you are busy working you avoid temptation.
In times of prosperity friends are plentiful.
You have many friends when you have no difficulties.
If a camel gets his nose in a tent, his body will follow.
If you let something intrusive enter your life, your life will become difficult.
If in February there be no rain, 'tis neither good for hay nor grain.
Plants and grains will grow badly if there is no rain in early spring.
If you are patient in one moment of anger, you will avoid 100 days of sorrow.
Avoid regrets by taking the time to think before speaking or acting angrily.
If you chase two rabbits, you will not catch either one.
If you try to do two things at the same time, you will not succeed in doing either of them.
If two ride a horse, one must ride behind.
When two people do something together, one will be the leader and the other will be the subordinate.
If you want a friend, be a friend.
Friendship must be reciprocal.
If wishes were horses, then beggars would ride.
Wishing alone is of no use; you must act as well.
Ignorance is bliss.
Possible interpretation: what you do not know causes no worry or sadness.
In for a penny, in for a pound.
If you start something, it is better to spend the time or money necessary to complete it.
In the land of the blind the one-eyed man is king.
A man of even limited ability has an advantage over a person who is less able.
It never rains but it pours.
Misfortune usually comes in large numbers.
It is always darkest before the dawn.
The most difficult time is just before the problem is solved.
It's no use crying over spilt milk.
Don't express regret for something that has happened and cannot be remedied.
It takes all sorts to make a world.
People vary in character and abilities, and this is a good thing.


Justice delayed is justice denied.
If the law is applied too late, there is no justice.
Kill one to warn a hundred.
Warn many people by punishing a few.
Kill not the goose that lays the golden egg.
Do not destroy the source of your good fortune.
Kindle not a fire you cannot put out.
Do not start something that you cannot control; you may fail or cause damage.
Kindness begets kindness.
If you are kind to someone, they will return your kindness.
Knowledge in youth is wisdom in age.
What you learn when you are young will be invaluable when your grow old.
Knowledge is power.
It is easier to make progress or be successful if you are educated or possess a lot of information.
Laughter is the best medicine.
Laughter makes people feel good.
Learn to walk before you run.
Don't rush into doing something before you know how to do it.
Learning is a treasure that will follow its owner everywhere.
Education is something that you keep forever.
Least said, soonest mended.
The less you talk about an incident, the more easily it will be forgotten.
(A) lender nor borrower be.
Do not lend or borrow money.
(A) leopard cannot change its spots.
It is impossible for a bad or unpleasant person to become good or pleasant.
Let bygones be bygones.
Let's forgive and forget past quarrels.
Let the chips fall where they may.
We should not try to control our destiny.
Liars need good memories.
People who do not tell the truth must be careful to remember what they say.
A lie begets a lie.
Telling one lie will lead you to tell another one.
Lightning never strikes in the same place twice.
An unusual event is not likely to occur again in exactly the same circumstances.
Like father, like son.
A son's character can be expected to resemble his father's.
(A) little fire is quickly trodden out.
If you deal with a minor problem quickly, it will not become a major issue.
(A) little of what you fancy does you good.
It's ok to give into a little temptation occasionally.
Little strokes fell good oaks.
If you divide a task into small parts, it become easier to do.
(A) loaded wagon makes no noise.
Really wealthy people do not talk about money.
Look before you leap.
Consider possible consequences before taking action.
Loose lips sink ships.
Disclosing important information (to the enemy or a competitor) could result in large losses.
Losers weepers, finders keepers.
If you lose something you lament, if you find something you keep it.
Love is blind.
A person in love does not see the faults of the person he/she loves.
(A) loveless life is a living death.
Without affection, life is difficult.


Make a silk purse out of a sow's ear.
Manage to product something good using poor material.
Man is the head of the family and woman is the neck that turns the head.
No comment!
Man proposes, God disposes.
Our destiny depends on God's will.
(A) man can die but once.
If death comes now, you will not have to experience it later.
(A) man is as old as he feels himself to be.
Your age doesn't matter as long as you are fit and healthy.
(A) man is judged by his deeds, not by his words.
A person is judged on what he/she actually does, not on what they say they will do.
(A) man is known by the company he keeps.
A person's character is judged by the type of people with whom they spend their time.
Manners make the man.
Possibly: a person's manners show their origins.
Many a true word is spoken in jest.
Even if something is said as a joke it can still be true.
Many hands make light work.
Sharing work makes the task easier.
March comes in like a lion and goes out like a lamb.
The weather at the beginning of March is stormy
and at the end is mild.
March winds and April showers bring forth May flowers.
The storms and rain in March and April produce flowers in the month of May.
Mark, learn and inwardly digest.
Note and reflect upon something in order to thoroughly assimilate it.
Marry in haste, repent as leisure.
If you get married too quickly, you may spend your whole life regretting it.
Memory is the treasure of the mind.
A good memory is very precious.
Men make houses, women make homes.
Women give a house its comfort and character.
Might as well be hanged for a sheep as (for) a lamb.
If the penalty is going to be same, you might as well commit the greater offence.
Misery loves company
When people are sad they often like others to feel sad too.
Money begets money.
If you have money you can make more money.
Money doesn't grow on trees.
You should not waste money because it is not plentiful or obtained easily.
(A) monkey in silk is a monkey no less.
No matter how someone dresses, it's the same person underneath.
(The) more haste, the less speed.
A person makes more progress if they take time to do things carefully.
(The) more you have, the more you want.
People have a constant desire to possess more.
(The) mouse that has but one hole is quickly taken.
If you depend on just one thing, and it fails, you have no alternatives.
Necessity is the mother of invention.
The need for something forces people to find a way of obtaining it.
Need teaches a plan.
Necessity will make you find a solution.
Needs must when the devil drives.
Sometimes you are compelled to do something that you would rather not do.
Never put off till tomorrow what can
be done today.
Don't postpone until later something you can do now.
Never say die.
Never give up.
Never trouble troubles until troubles
trouble you.
Don't look for problems in advance; deal with them when they arise.
(A) new broom sweeps clean
(but the old brush knows all the corners...)
A newly-appointed person often makes changes quickly .
(A) nod is as good as a wink (to a blind horse/man).
A hint or a subtle signal is enough to convey meaning to someone who is ready to understand.
Nobody is perfect.
It is understandable not to be perfect or to make occasional mistakes.
No joy without annoy
There is no happiness without clouds.
No losers, no winners.
If there were no losers, there could be no winners.
No man can serve two masters.
It's impossible to follow instructions from two different sources.
No man is a hero to his valet.
Few people are admired by those who know them intimately and are aware of their failings.
No man is an island.
We are all interdependent and need other people.
No news is good news.
If the news was bad, we would hear of it. Since we have heard nothing, we can assume that all is well.
No pain, no gain.
Nothing is achieved without effort.
No rain, no grain.
Without rain the harvest will be poor.
No smoke without fire.
There could be some truth in the rumour ...
No wind, no waves.
Similar to 'no smoke without fire'.
Nothing ventured nothing gained.
You cannot expect to achieve anything if you take no risks.
(An) old fox is not easily snared.
A person of experience is difficult to fool or manipulate.
Once bitten, twice shy.
After an unpleasant experience, people are careful to avoid something similar.
One father is (worth) more than a hundred schoolmasters.
A teacher cannot replace a father.
A child is raised by a father and taught by a teacher.
One good turn deserves another.
You should be helpful to someone who helps you.
One of these days is none of these days.
Until a date is set, 'one of these days' remains a vague promise.
One today is worth two tomorrows.
What you have today is better than what is promised or hoped for.
One man's meat is another man's poison.
People don't always like the same things.
One man's trash is another man's treasure.
What is useless to one person could be valuable to another.
One swallow doesn't make a summer.
A single satisfactory event does not mean that all the others will be as good.
(An) onion a day keeps everyone away.
A humoristic version of "an apple a day..."
Only real friends will tell you when  your face is dirty.
Only a real friend will tell you the truth.
Opportunity seldom knocks twice.
Don't miss opportunities that come along.
(An) ounce of discretion is worth a pound of wit.
It is better to be cautious and discreet than to try to be funny.
(An) ounce of prevention is worth a pound
of cure.
It is easier to prevent something from happening than to repair the damage or cure the disease later.
Out of the mouth of babes and sucklings.
Children often speak wisely.
Out of sight, out of mind.
We tend to forget people or things that we do not see.
(The) pen is mightier than the sword.
Words and communication have a greater effect than war and fighting.
Penny wise, pound foolish.
Refers to a person who is careful about spending small amounts of money, but not careful about spending large amounts.
People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
One should not criticize others for faults similar to one's own and risk retaliation.
(A) picture paints a thousand words.
A picture is better than a long description.
Pity is akin to love.
If you begin to feel sorry for someone, you may start to love them.
Poverty waits at the gates of idleness.
If you do not work, you will not earn any money.
Practice makes perfect.
Doing something repeatedly is the only way to become good at it.
Practice what you preach.
Do yourself what you advise others to do.
Prevention is better than cure.
It is easier to prevent something from happening than to repair the damage or cure the disease later.
Pride comes before a fall.
Don't be too self-confident or proud; something may happen to make you look foolish.
(A) problem shared is a problem halved.
It is easier to deal with a problem when you discuss it with someone.
Procrastination is the thief of time.
Delaying an ction for too long is a waste of time.
(The) proof of the pudding is in the eating.
The real value of something can be judged only after it has been tried or tested.
Punctuality is the soul of business.
You should always be on time for your business appointments.
Put all your eggs in one basket.
Risk everything by relying on one plan (e.g. by putting all one's money into one business).
Revenge is sweet.
There is satisfaction in returning an injury.
(A) rising tide lifts all boats.
Refers to something that will be helpful to all.
(The) road to hell is paved with good intentions.
It is not enough to intend to do something, you must actually do it.
(A) rolling stone gathers no moss
If a person keeps moving from place to place, they gain neither friends nor possessions.
Another interpretation is that, by moving often, one avoids being tied down!
Rome was not built in a day.
It takes time to a job properly.  You should not expect to do it quickly.
(A) rotten apple spoils the barrel.
A dishonest or immoral person can have a bad influence on a group.
You are what you eat.
What you eat has an effect on your well-being.
You are never too old to learn.
You can always learn something new, no matter how old you are.
You can lead a horse to water but you can't make it drink.
You can offer somebody an opportunity to do something but you can't force them to do it.
You can't teach an old dog new tricks.
A person who is used to doing things a certain way cannot change.
You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours.
You help me and I'll help you.
(A) young idler, an old beggar.
If you don't work, you won't have any money when you're old